IDENTIFICATION OF POST-TRAUMIC STRESS DISORDER IN CHILDREN AFTER THE FLOOD DISASTER IN SOUTHEAST ACEH DISTRICT
Keywords:
flood; post-traumatic stress disorder; pediatric nursing; disaster management; nursing care.
Abstract
Flood disasters have a significant impact on human life, both physically and psychologically. Children are a vulnerable group at higher risk during and after a disaster. The most common psychological effect after a disaster is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this study was to detect PTSD early in children who were victims of flood disasters. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach . A total of 61 child flood victims were involved in the study. The study was conducted in Southeast Aceh Regency, one of the worst flood locations in Aceh Province in 2025. The instrument used was the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), which consists of 20 questions. The results showed that 39.3% of children experienced PTSD, while 60.7% did not experience PTSD. The incidence of PTSD increased from one week after the disaster, characterized by symptoms of re-experiencing the traumatic experience, avoidance, negative changes in mood and cognition, and hyperarousal. Age, gender, and level of exposure also risk factors influence the emergence of PTSD in children. It is recommended that health workers provide immediate treatment to child victims of disasters.
References
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Ayuningtyas, D., Windiarti, S., Hadi, M. S., Fasrini, U. U., & Barinda, S. (2021). Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation in Indonesia: A Narrative Review. Iranian journal of public health, 50(8), 1536–1546. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i8.6799
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Ben-Ari, A., Aloni, R., Ben-David, S., Benarroch, F., & Margalit, D. (2021). Parental Psychological Flexibility as a Mediating Factor of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children after Hospitalization or Surgery. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111699
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Klabunde, M., Weems, C. F., Raman, M., & Carrion, V. G. (2017). The moderating effects of sex on insula subdivision structure in youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 34(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22577
Kolaitis G. (2017). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup4), 1351198. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351198
Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Chen, X., Fan, F., Musa, G., & Hoven, C. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Some Recent Research Findings. In (Ed.), Psychosomatic Medicine. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92284
Mahfuzhah, A. S., Widianti, E., & Emaliyawati, E. (2021). Screening of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Adolescent Victims of The Garut Flash Flood in 2016. NurseLine Journal, 6(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.19184/nlj.v6i1.17884.
Marshall, D. A. D. (2016). Developmental Timing of Trauma Exposure Relative to Puberty and the Nature of Psychopathology Among Adolescent Girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 55(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.004
Martono, M., Satino, S., Nursalam, N., Efendi, F., & Bushy, A. (2019). Indonesian nurses' perception of disaster management preparedness. Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi, 22(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.09.002
McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004
Miao, X. R., Chen, Q. B., Wei, K., Tao, K. M., & Lu, Z. J. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder: from diagnosis to prevention. Military Medical Research, 5(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-018-0179-0
Nasri, R. I., Seniwati, T., & Erfina, E. (2020). Screening of post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) among flood victims in Indonesia ଝ. Enfermería Clínica, 30, 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.115
NIMH. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In National Institute of Mental Health (pp. 1–8). National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd
Ophuis, R. H., Olij, B. F., Polinder, S., & Haagsma, J. A. (2018). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder and depression following violence related injury treated at the emergency department: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 18(1), 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1890-9
Pangau, A., Kanine, E., & Wowiling, F. (2014). Differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children in the Tondano River Basin Following the Manado City Flash Flood . Unsrat Nursing E-Journal , 2. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jkp/article/view/5204
Pertiwi, A. P., & Kurniawan, R. (2017). Grouping of Flood-Prone Areas in Indonesia in 2013 Using Fuzzy C-Mean. Proceedings of SNM, 677–687. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326123114_PENGELOMPOKAN_DAERAH_RAWAN_BENCANA_BANJIR_DI_INDONESIA_TAHUN_2013_MENGGUNAKAN_FUZZY_C-MEAN
Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., & Cohen, J. A. (2011). PTSD in children and adolescents: toward an empirically based algorithma. Depression and anxiety, 28(9), 770–782. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20736
Weathers, Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/Wilcoxon, L. A., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Burgess, A. (2021). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents Following Their Child's Single-Event Trauma: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Rates and Risk Factor Correlates. Clinical child and family psychology review, 24(4), 725–743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00367-z
Wise, A. E., & Delahanty, D. L. (2017). Parental factors associated with child posttraumatic stress following injury: A consideration of intervention targets. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(AUG), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01412
Woolgar, F., Garfield, H., Dalgleish, T., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2021). Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trauma-Exposed Preschool-Aged Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.026
Arnika, S. S. (2017). Description of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adolescent Victims of the Mount Sinabung Eruption Disaster at the Kapabnaje Refugee Post, Karo Regency. University of North Sumatra. https://123dok.com/document/zxl6jgoz-gambaran-gangguan-pascatrauma-bencana-sinabung-pengungsian-kabanjahe-kabupaten.html
Asim, M., Mekkodathil, A., Sathian, B., Elayedath, R., N, R. K., Simkhada, P., & van Teijlingen, E. (2019). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among the Flood Affected Population in Indian Subcontinent. Nepal journal of epidemiology,9(1), 755–758. https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v9i1.24003
Ayuningtyas, D., Windiarti, S., Hadi, M. S., Fasrini, U. U., & Barinda, S. (2021). Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation in Indonesia: A Narrative Review. Iranian journal of public health, 50(8), 1536–1546. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i8.6799
Bahris, S., Sangkala, M. S., & Seniwati, T. (2020). Overview of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms of Post-Road Traffic Accident Patients. Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal , 5(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.20956/icon.v5i1.9422
BAPPENAS. (2017). Disaster Management Policy in Disaster- Prone Areas . Retrieved from http://pdtu.bindola.com/uploads/attachment/2017/05/1495540031.pdf
Ben-Ari, A., Aloni, R., Ben-David, S., Benarroch, F., & Margalit, D. (2021). Parental Psychological Flexibility as a Mediating Factor of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children after Hospitalization or Surgery. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111699
BNPB. (2017). In Responding Agilely and Resiliently to Disasters. East Jakarta: Center for Data, Information, and Public Relations, National Disaster Management Agency. Bryant R. A. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 18(3), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20656
Carvajal C. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a diagnostic entity -clinical perspectives. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 20(3), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.3/ccarvaja
Fauziyah, S., Putri, S. M. D., Salma, Z., Wardhani, H. R., Hakim, F. K. N., Sucipto, T. H., Aquaresta, F., & Soegijanto, S. (2021). How should Indonesia consider its neglected tropical diseases in the COVID-19 era? Hopes and challenges (Review). Biomedical reports, 14(6), 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1429
Golitaleb, M., Mazaheri, E., Bonyadi, M., & Sahebi, A. (2022). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Flood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 890671. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.890671
Ichsan M. (2022). Handling natural hazards in Indonesia amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Muhammadiyah's response and strategy. Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa), 14(1), 1254. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v14i1.1254
Kar, N., Mohapatra, P. K., Nayak, K. C., Pattanaik, P., Swain, S. P., & Kar, H. C. (2007). Post traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors. BMC psychiatry, 7, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-8
Klabunde, M., Weems, C. F., Raman, M., & Carrion, V. G. (2017). The moderating effects of sex on insula subdivision structure in youth with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 34(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22577
Kolaitis G. (2017). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup4), 1351198. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351198
Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Chen, X., Fan, F., Musa, G., & Hoven, C. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Some Recent Research Findings. In (Ed.), Psychosomatic Medicine. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92284
Mahfuzhah, A. S., Widianti, E., & Emaliyawati, E. (2021). Screening of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Adolescent Victims of The Garut Flash Flood in 2016. NurseLine Journal, 6(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.19184/nlj.v6i1.17884.
Marshall, D. A. D. (2016). Developmental Timing of Trauma Exposure Relative to Puberty and the Nature of Psychopathology Among Adolescent Girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 55(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.004
Martono, M., Satino, S., Nursalam, N., Efendi, F., & Bushy, A. (2019). Indonesian nurses' perception of disaster management preparedness. Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi, 22(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.09.002
McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child Trauma Exposure and Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004
Miao, X. R., Chen, Q. B., Wei, K., Tao, K. M., & Lu, Z. J. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder: from diagnosis to prevention. Military Medical Research, 5(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-018-0179-0
Nasri, R. I., Seniwati, T., & Erfina, E. (2020). Screening of post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) among flood victims in Indonesia ଝ. Enfermería Clínica, 30, 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.115
NIMH. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In National Institute of Mental Health (pp. 1–8). National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd
Ophuis, R. H., Olij, B. F., Polinder, S., & Haagsma, J. A. (2018). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder and depression following violence related injury treated at the emergency department: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 18(1), 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1890-9
Pangau, A., Kanine, E., & Wowiling, F. (2014). Differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children in the Tondano River Basin Following the Manado City Flash Flood . Unsrat Nursing E-Journal , 2. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jkp/article/view/5204
Pertiwi, A. P., & Kurniawan, R. (2017). Grouping of Flood-Prone Areas in Indonesia in 2013 Using Fuzzy C-Mean. Proceedings of SNM, 677–687. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326123114_PENGELOMPOKAN_DAERAH_RAWAN_BENCANA_BANJIR_DI_INDONESIA_TAHUN_2013_MENGGUNAKAN_FUZZY_C-MEAN
Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., & Cohen, J. A. (2011). PTSD in children and adolescents: toward an empirically based algorithma. Depression and anxiety, 28(9), 770–782. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20736
Weathers, Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/Wilcoxon, L. A., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Burgess, A. (2021). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents Following Their Child's Single-Event Trauma: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Rates and Risk Factor Correlates. Clinical child and family psychology review, 24(4), 725–743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00367-z
Wise, A. E., & Delahanty, D. L. (2017). Parental factors associated with child posttraumatic stress following injury: A consideration of intervention targets. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(AUG), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01412
Woolgar, F., Garfield, H., Dalgleish, T., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2021). Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trauma-Exposed Preschool-Aged Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.026
Published
2025-12-31
How to Cite
Derita Perhatian. (2025). IDENTIFICATION OF POST-TRAUMIC STRESS DISORDER IN CHILDREN AFTER THE FLOOD DISASTER IN SOUTHEAST ACEH DISTRICT. Jurnal Penelitian Progresif, 5(1), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.61992/jpp.v5i1.289
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Articles
